Background: Today, the most commonly used instrument for determining the inferior face height is lateral cephalometry; however, due to the fact that some lateral cephalometric radiographs are given to the patient while taking radiation, and with regard to the overlaps and distortions of structures in this radiograph. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to study the inferior height of the face based on the one-third of the face in photography and then compare its correlation with the results of cephalometry. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out with photographic and lateral cephalometric radiographs of 75 randomly selected participants (38 women and 37 men) from among patients consulting the orthodontic clinics in Bandar Abbas in 2012-2013. All participants had all their permanent teeth (without third molar involvement). Patients signed an informed consent form for participation. There was no history of head and face trauma, orthognathic surgery, previous orthodontic treatment, and congenital anomalies. The anterior height of the face was evaluated based on the one-third of the face on photography according to the results of FMA (Frankfort-mandibular plane angle), Sn-GoGN, Bjork, and Jarabak, and the correlations of these values with each other were determined. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using chi-square test, kappa coefficient, and Pearson coefficient. Results: No significant correlation was found between the photographic and cephalometric data of face height (r =-0. 03, P > 0. 05). There was a significant inverse correlation between the results of FMA and Jarabak index (r =-0. 6, P < 0. 05). There were significant direct relationships between the results of FMA and those of Bjork (r = 0. 8, P < 0. 05) and Sn-GoGn (r = 0. 7, P < 0. 05). There was no statistically significant relationship between the facial formandclass Iand II skeletal occlusions (P> 0. 05). There wasnomeaningful relationship between the results of FMA angle and facial form in class 1 and 2 occlusion subjects (P > 0. 05). However, this association was found stronger in class I than in class II occlusion. Conclusions: There is no meaningful correlation between photographic and cephalometric measurements of facial height, and we always need lateral cephalometrics for the correct orthodontic treatment plan and as a golden standard. Cephalometric variables are correlated with each other for determining the vertical growth pattern, and each can be used for diagnosis alternatively.

Background and Aim: Anthropometric measurements can be correlated to cephalometric values and have a complementary role to facilitate diagnosis. This Study aimed to determine the correlation between lateral cephalometric and anthropometric indices in the Iranian population.Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study using Anthropometric-Cephalometric indices was carried out on 26 subjects with normal occlusion and harmonious facial ratios. Fiberglass meter, wooden ruler and millimetric Anthropometer (Aesculap Inc.) was used as well as hand-made instruments to measure the palm length and angles of the hand. General measurements including height and weight were also taken. For cephalometric measurements, radiographs were taken by an oral and maxillofacial radiologist. Data were subjected to SPSS 9 software. To determine the normal distribution Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used and P<0.05 was considered significant. Also Spearman and Pearson coefficient correlation was calculated and t-test was performed. Results: In 12 of the 26 cases the correlation coefficient regarding the bizygomatic width (FW) with lower face height (LFH), SE, S-Gn; facial height (FH) with Pog to NB, Nasion-Menton; upper lip vermilion with SE, weight with ANB, Ar-Go; LFH with Ar-Go, forearm length with angle of facial convexity, height with Na-ANS were significant at p<0.01. There was correlation between LFH and FW and Facial Depth that infers three-dimensional proportional facial growth.Conclusion: The forearm length and the facial convexity angle (non-craniofacial anthropometric indices) have a negative co-efficient of correlation. This means that the longer the forearm the straighter the profile. Though there are numerous statistically significant relations between anthropometric and cephalometric indices, in this study these relations were not so clinically momentous in most of the cases.

Introduction: At the end of an orthodontic treatment, the coordination between different facial dimensions is very important. The changes in facial height cause changes in other dimensions. In the present study, the relationship between lower third of facial height and maxillary and mandibular lengths was evaluated and compared with the previous studies.Materials and Methods: In this study, 38 lateral cephalograms of Mashhad high school students aged 16- 19 with mean age of 17 years were selected and traced manually. The profile, occlusal relationship, overjet and overbite in these cases were normal and molar and canine relationships were class I. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 10) and t-student test was used for analysis. Results: The findings were as follow:• The relationship between lower third of facial height and both the length of mandibular base and the length of mandible based on Harvold analysis was significant.• The relationship between the lengths of both the maxilla and anterior cranial base, and lower third of facial height were not significant.• No relationship was found between the length of maxillary base (based on Harvold analysis) and lower third of facial height.Conclusion: According to this investigation it is concluded that the length of mandibular base has a significant correlation with the lower third of facial height, but such a correlation does not exist between ma.xil1a and lower third of facial height.

Background and aim: Assessment of vertical dimension of occlusion is an important step in the prosthodontic treatment of edentulous patients. The Objective of this study was to determine the correlation of the lower third of the face in occlusion and facial and palm indexes in dental students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran at 2017-2018. Material and methods: In this correlation cross-sectional trial, 100 subjects (50 men &50 women( were studied. The inclusion criteria were the subject’ s desire to participate in the study, facial symmetry, no history of trauma in the face and palm, and no history of facial plastic surgery. Facial indices and the palm size was recorded with a bolly gauge caliper with a precision of 0. 1 mm. the correlation between the height of the lower third of the face and each of the facial and palm indices was determined by Pearson correlation coefficient. Correlation coefficient (R) and consistency (R2) were calculated. Results: The mean age of male was 23. 02 years and the mean age of women was 24. 6 years. All indices had a moderate correlation (0. 4

Introduction: Among several cephalometric analyses used in orthodontics. Done of them could present all diagnostic and interpretative features. The aim of this study is to apply a simple and convenient approach which could enable the orthodontists to gain maximum information from it.Materials and Methods: Cephalograms of 58 adults patient (40 femals and 18males) with mean age of 15 years and 4 months, were used for analysis. After tracing, the relationship between mandibular plane and the most inferior point of posterior cranial fosse was assessed.Results: The data revealed that:- SNA and SNB were less than norms which was not significant. - In patients with normal facial height, extension of mandibular plane lay lower to posterior cranial fosse and the mean distance was 6.84 mm. - Mp-Ar-NAngle was 42°to 55°(49 ± 6) that was 2° less than Norms.Conclusion: Extension of mandibular plane to posterior cranial fosse or lower, shows that there is a failure in vertical growth.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to evaluate ordinary people`s perception about smile attractiveness in long face and short face subjects with linear and angular midline deviations. Methods: Frontal facial smiling images of two young Iranian females (one short face and one long face) were manipulated by Adobe Photoshop CS3 software. Four photos with different linear midline deviations to right (1mm, 2mm, 3mm and 4mm) and four photos with counter clockwise angular midline deviation (2˚ , 6˚ , 10˚ , 14˚ ) were produced. Sixty Iranian individuals (30 males and 30 females) were asked to determine from which photo on, they found that the smile is unattractive. Results: Unlike angular midline deviation, there was no statistically significant difference in the acceptability limitation for linear midline deviation between long face and short face subjects. The mean of unattractive limitation for angular midline deviation was 8. 44˚ and 6. 56˚ in long face and short face subjects, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in ratings between male and female examiners. Conclusion: Angular midline deviation is more acceptable in long face people. On the other hand, the attractiveness of the two facial types is similarly affected by linear midline deviation.

Statement of the problem: In the evolution of orthodontics, the changes in soft tissue, especially smile line attracts considerable attention. Purpose: The present study was carried out to evaluate the correlation of the smile line with the vertical parameters of anterior part of face. Materials and Methods: Forty-six Iranian adults, aged between 18-25 years were selected. Five quantitative and three qualitative variables of smile analysis were recorded for each subject. Cephalometric analysis was carried out using angular and linear parameters. The correlations between smile line variables and cephalometric parameters were calculated using Spearman and Pearson’s correlation analyses. Results: The result of this study showed that the cephalometric parameters of N-Me, Pn-Line, N-B, N-Pg had significant correlations with quantitative variable of tooth-lower lip position. The P-values were P=0.003, P=0.027, P=0.006, P=0.002 respectively. N-Me, N-B, N-Pg represented significant correlations with interlabial gap on smile (P= 0.006, P=0.036, P=0.002 respectively). There was a significant correlation between N-Pg and quantitative factor of tooth-upper lip position (P=0.034). Upper incisor to palatal plane showed a significant correlation with qualitative variable of tooth-upper lip position (P=0.019), interlabial gap on smile (P=0.004), and tooth-upper lip position (P=0.006). Upper incisor to FH represented a reverse relation with incisal edge to lower lip (P=0.028).This parameter also showed significant correlations with quantitative factors of tooth-lower lip position (P=0.040) and crown height (P=0.002). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that, linear skeletal and dental vertical factors affect the vertical features of smile. Angular vertical parameters, except gonial angle, influence the vertical position of smile.

Purpose: Together with the increase of orthodontic treatment needs the use of functional apparatus has been increased. Furthermore, different studies has been done on skeletal and dental changes after the use of these functional appliances, but few studies discussed soft tissue changes in the field. So, this study was carried out in order to evaluate soft tissue changes following the use of Twin Block functional appliance.Methods & Materials: This study was quazi experimental done on 13 patients (7 girls and 6 boys) with 7 years and 7 months to 12 years and 6 months of age. All patients were Cl II Div.I malocclusion, Iranian, Muslim, resident of Tehran and with no previous orthodontic treatment and tooth extraction. The period of treatment with the apparatus varied between 7 to 17 months. The studied angular variables were nasolabial, nasofacial, facial convexity,H angle, mentocervical, nasomental and mentolabial. The liner variables were lower and upper lip to E line, upper and lower lip thickness, prominence and length, upper and lower face height. All variables were compared before and after the use of Twin Block and recorded in a questionnaire and were analyzed by T - test. Results: The study showed that nasolabial, nasofacial, Lower lip to E line and Upper lip length decreased slightly with the use of apparatus, while facial convexity, H angle, upper lip prominence, upper lip thickness and upper lip to E line decreased significantly. As well as, mentocervical, upper lip thickness, lower lip prominence and soft tissue lower face height increased slightly and nasomental, mentolabial, soft tissue upper face height and lower lip length increased significantly.Conclusion: Following the treatment with Twin Block, the lower face soft tissue moved anteriorly leading to decrease in profile convexity. The upper and lower face soft tissue height increases and their ratio improved. The upper and lower lip thickness reduced, but upper lip length did not change and lower lip length increased after the treatment. The space between upper and lower lip edge to E - line moved to a normal range and labiomental fold became wider.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Facial zone is the main part of human’s body for establishing proper beauty and in this regard, profile attractiveness is of special importance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sagittal and vertical changes of lower facial third on perception of profile attractiveness among males and females of various educational levels and ages.METHODS: This descriptive analytical study was performed on 214 subjects of referrals, staff and students of dental school and Ferdosi University of Mashhad. The effect of sagittal and vertical changes of lower facial third on perception of profile attractiveness was evaluated by using profile silhouettes with different degrees of soft tissue convexity and different ratio of upper face to lower face. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis of the differences in each group and between different groups.FINDINGS: In the series of sagittal and vertical changes, the profile with +6°soft tissue convexity and  1/1 ratio of upper face to lower face was selected as the most desirable. There was no significant differences between males and females (p>0.05). No significant differences were found between teenagers and early adults (<35 years) (p>0.05), but they had significant differences with late adults (>35 years) (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between educated and non-educated subjects (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Gender had a little effect on ranking of the silhouettes. Late adults in comparison with younger’s, had different ideas about profile attractiveness. Educational level had a deep influence on perception of profile attractiveness.